Ovarian Cysts and Pregnancy
Women may develop ovarian cysts at different stages of their lives, including during pregnancy. The presence of ovarian cysts during pregnancy can raise concerns for expectant mothers, making it important to understand how these cysts form and how to manage them effectively.
What Is an Ovarian Cyst?
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form inside or around the ovaries. These cysts typically vary in size and number. While many ovarian cysts are harmless, asymptomatic, and resolve on their own without intervention, some can cause discomfort or complications if they are not managed appropriately.
What Are the Types of Ovarian Cysts?
Ovarian cysts are classified based on their origin and makeup. Some types of ovarian cysts include:
- Functional Cysts: These are the most common types of ovarian cysts that occur due to physiological changes during the menstrual cycle.
- Teratoma Cysts: Also known as dermoid cysts, these growths contain different tissue types, such as hair, skin, muscle, or teeth, and are often present at birth or in adolescents.
- Cystadenoma Cysts: These are benign tumours that grow on the outer surface of the ovarian tissue and can be filled with watery or mucous substances.
- Endometriomas: These cysts are caused by endometriosis, a condition in which tissue cells in the uterine lining (endometrium) grow outside the uterus.
What Causes Ovarian Cysts During Pregnancy?
Ovarian cysts may form during pregnancy for several reasons, including:
- Follicular Persistence: Corpus luteum cysts are a type of functional cyst that occurs when the ovarian follicle that releases eggs becomes filled with fluid and remains as a mass on the ovary throughout pregnancy instead of shrinking.
- Hormonal Fluctuations: Pregnancy involves significant hormonal changes, which can sometimes result in the formation of functional cysts.
- Increased Blood Flow: An increase in blood flow to the ovaries during pregnancy may be associated with cyst formation.
Do Ovarian Cysts Affect Pregnancy?
In some cases, the ovarian cyst may enlarge and lead to complications, such as:
- Rupture: When a cyst ruptures, it poses significant health risks, such as severe pain and internal bleeding (haemorrhaging).
- Ovarian Torsion: A large cyst can cause the ovary to twist on the ligaments that hold it in place, potentially cutting off the blood supply and causing a medical emergency.
- Childbirth Complications: Although uncommon, large or problematic cysts may obstruct the pelvis and interfere with foetal development or delivery.
What Are the Common Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts?
Most ovarian cysts do not exhibit noticeable symptoms, but when they do, they can cause symptoms such as:
- Pain: Pelvic pain, ranging from dull to sharp, is one of the most common symptoms. This may also be accompanied by discomfort during intercourse or bowel movements.
- Bloating: Abdominal swelling or bloating may occur, especially if the cyst is large.
- Abdominal Pressure: A feeling of heaviness or fullness in the abdomen can occur due to the size of the cyst.
Moreover, other symptoms, such as sudden pain on the side of the abdomen, severe nausea and vomiting, or abnormal vaginal bleeding, may indicate more serious problems requiring immediate medical attention.
What Are the Treatment Options for Ovarian Cysts?
The treatment of ovarian cysts in pregnant women may vary depending on various factors, including the size and type of the cyst and whether it is symptomatic or causes complications.
Some treatment options for ovarian cysts during pregnancy include:
- Monitoring: If the cyst is small and does not cause symptoms, the doctor may recommend ultrasound imaging to observe its size and appearance.
- Symptoms Management: Symptoms like mild pain can be managed with pain relievers, although it is important to consult a doctor to ensure they are safe for pregnant women.
- Surgery: If ovarian cysts cause significant problems like rupture or torsion, immediate surgical intervention may be necessary.
Is it Safe to Remove an Ovarian Cyst During Pregnancy?
The decision to remove an ovarian cyst during pregnancy involves thorough consideration of the associated risks and benefits. Surgical intervention is usually reserved for cases where cysts pose a significant risk. If you are experiencing abnormal symptoms of an ovarian cyst, and are pregnant, schedule a consultation with us today for personalised advice.
